Seeking a Scapegoat
Seeking a Scapegoat
Intelligence and Grand Strategy in France, 1919–1940
In Stephen A. Schuker’s view, only when material military power stands in balance can intelligence make a difference; and in 1940, along with much else in Paris, French intelligence failed. France, of course, surrendered very early on; arguably due to deep-seated problems within French society that Hitler sensed instinctively. Was it therefore a surprise that French intelligence suffered as a consequence? Schuker—a skeptic about the role that intelligence can play in democracies—maintains that intelligence can never be better than the context that confines it and from which it operates.
Keywords: France, secret intelligence, Maurice Gamelin, Maurice-Henri Gauché, Vichy, édouard Daladier, deuxième bureau
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