Transformations in the Late Ottoman Hijaz
Transformations in the Late Ottoman Hijaz
This chapter develops an account of education in mosques, madrasas and Sufi lodges in the Hijaz in the Ottoman period which hosted scholars and students from across the Islamic world. It shows that education in these settings was supported by a variety of cross-border flows of material capital, that methods of instruction were largely personalized and informal, and that these arrangements fostered a religious economy marked by considerable diversity. However, from the end of the nineteenth century, new social technologies brought by religious migrants and imperial officials contributed to the spread of increasingly rationalized, bureaucratized modes of pedagogy. The chapter argues that these new practices paved the way for private and particularly state actors to exercise more sustained control over the distribution, exchange and translation of material and spiritual capital in religious educational settings.
Keywords: Hijaz, Ottoman Empire, madrasas, religious migration, Mecca, Medina, Madrasa Sawlatiyya
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